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Implementation research study to understand DAY-NRLM’s institutional mechanisms and interventions to address Gender Based Violence

The Strengthening Women’s Institutions for Agency and Empowerment (SWAYAM) programme is being piloted in Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, and Odisha, in partnership with IWWAGE and DAY-NRLM. While DAY-NRLM is the largest government initiative working with rural women in India, the need remains to shift from solely engaging with women to adopting a gender equality and rights-based approach. This shift, through gender mainstreaming, aims to embed gender sensitivity across frameworks, institutions, and processes to achieve sustainable social, economic, and political goals.

Under SWAYAM, gender-responsive training has been provided to cadres and institutions, focusing on gender issues, legal rights, and entitlements. A key feature of the programme is the establishment of Gender Justice Centres (GRCs) at the block level, aimed at improving women’s access to rights and services, and addressing grievances related to violence.

IWWAGE, an initiative of LEAD at Krea University, conducted a qualitative study on the SWAYAM programme in these pilot states, focusing on its role in addressing Violence Against Women (VAW). The study aimed to understand women’s experiences with accessing services at GRCs and to explore how social norms and gender training impacted the community’s response to violence.

The research included interviews with 102 participants across four states, involving SHG women trained and untrained in gender, women who sought support from GRCs, Gender Champions, and men related to SHG members. The study provides insights into the effectiveness of the SWAYAM programme in transforming attitudes towards violence and fostering community intervention in VAW cases.

Exploring Strategies, Processes, and Utility of the Vulnerability Reduction Fund (VRF) During COVID-19

The Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) is a Government of India scheme aimed at reducing poverty by empowering women through Self-Help Groups (SHGs), Village Organisations (VOs), and Cluster-Level Federations (CLFs). These platforms provide access to rights, financial services, and livelihood opportunities, promoting collective action and leadership among women.

To address vulnerability, the Vulnerability Reduction Fund (VRF) was introduced in 2016 as part of DAY-NRLM’s social inclusion strategy. The VRF focuses on reducing risk and supporting vulnerable communities, especially during crises like the COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2022, IWWAGE conducted a study in Jharkhand, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and Tripura to assess the implementation and impact of the VRF during COVID-19. The research involved interviews with beneficiaries and officials and focused on the allocation, disbursement, and effectiveness of the fund in reaching vulnerable households. The study highlights the VRF’s role in building resilience and aiding marginalised communities.

National Gender Campaign 2.0 Assessment Report – English

Launched by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) in 2022, ‘Nayi Chetna – Pahal Badlaav Ki’ is a national gender campaign under the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM). The campaign aims to raise awareness about Gender-Based Violence (GBV) across various life stages of women and girls, promote reporting, and enhance collaboration among stakeholders for safe redress mechanisms. The first edition of the campaign was introduced on November 25, 2022, with the theme of equity and ending GBV.

Building on its inaugural success, the second edition was launched on November 25, 2023. This phase focused on deepening awareness of the different forms of violence and strengthening access to safe redress mechanisms through convergence with stakeholders, including State Rural Livelihood Missions (SRLMs), DAY-NRLM community institutions, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), and 14 Line Ministries.

IWWAGE, in collaboration with LEAD at Krea University, conducted a comprehensive qualitative and quantitative assessment of the Nayi Chetna 2.0 campaign. The study aimed to evaluate the campaign’s reach, relevance, and effectiveness, particularly in raising awareness of GBV, enhancing reporting mechanisms, and improving institutional support.

The assessment employed a mixed-methods approach, incorporating qualitative interviews and focus group discussions across ten states, alongside quantitative data collection through an online platform. Key findings revealed the strength of women’s Self-Help Groups (SHGs) as central to the campaign’s impact. However, engaging men and adolescents in future iterations is crucial for broader societal change. Additionally, active involvement of PRI functionaries in grassroots dialogues on gender discrimination emerged as a successful strategy.

The assessment also highlighted the importance of fostering cross-departmental convergence to improve GBV reporting, and recommended further budget allocations, access to localised training materials, and greater use of media platforms to amplify the campaign’s reach and engagement.

National Gender Campaign 2.0 Assessment Report – Hindi

ग्रामीण विकास मंत्रालय (MoRD) द्वारा 2022 में शुरू किया गया ‘नयी चेतना – पहल बदलाव की’ राष्ट्रीय ग्रामीण आजीविका मिशन (DAY-NRLM) के अंतर्गत एक राष्ट्रीय लैंगिक अभियान है। इस अभियान का उद्देश्य महिलाओं और लड़कियों के विभिन्न जीवन चरणों में होने वाली लैंगिक हिंसा (GBV) के बारे में जागरूकता बढ़ाना, रिपोर्टिंग को बढ़ावा देना, और सुरक्षित समाधान तंत्र के लिए हितधारकों के बीच सहयोग को सशक्त करना है। अभियान का पहला संस्करण 25 नवंबर 2022 को समानता और लैंगिक हिंसा को समाप्त करने की थीम के साथ शुरू किया गया था।

इसकी प्रारंभिक सफलता को आगे बढ़ाते हुए, अभियान का दूसरा संस्करण 25 नवंबर 2023 को शुरू किया गया। इस चरण का उद्देश्य विभिन्न प्रकार की हिंसा के बारे में जागरूकता को और अधिक गहरा करना और हितधारकों के साथ मिलकर सुरक्षित समाधान तंत्र को मजबूत करना था। इस संस्करण में राज्य ग्रामीण आजीविका मिशन (SRLMs), DAY-NRLM समुदाय संस्थाओं, पंचायत राज संस्थानों (PRIs), और 14 मंत्रालयों सहित विभिन्न हितधारकों की सहभागिता सुनिश्चित की गई।

IWWAGE ने क्रीया विश्वविद्यालय के LEAD के साथ मिलकर नयी चेतना 2.0 अभियान का व्यापक गुणात्मक और मात्रात्मक मूल्यांकन किया। इस अध्ययन का उद्देश्य अभियान की पहुंच, प्रासंगिकता और प्रभावशीलता का आकलन करना था, विशेष रूप से GBV के बारे में जागरूकता बढ़ाने, रिपोर्टिंग तंत्र को मजबूत करने और संस्थागत समर्थन को सुधारने के संदर्भ में।

इस मूल्यांकन में गुणात्मक साक्षात्कार और दस राज्यों में समूह चर्चाओं के साथ-साथ एक ऑनलाइन प्लेटफार्म के माध्यम से मात्रात्मक डेटा संग्रहण का मिश्रित तरीका अपनाया गया। प्रमुख निष्कर्षों में महिलाओं के स्वयं सहायता समूह (SHGs) की ताकत अभियान के प्रभाव का केंद्र बिंदु साबित हुई। हालांकि, भविष्य के संस्करणों में पुरुषों और किशोरों की सक्रिय भागीदारी सुनिश्चित करना महत्वपूर्ण है ताकि व्यापक सामाजिक परिवर्तन हो सके। इसके अतिरिक्त, जमीनी स्तर पर लैंगिक भेदभाव पर चर्चा करने के लिए PRI अधिकारियों की सक्रिय भूमिका को एक सफल रणनीति के रूप में देखा गया।

मूल्यांकन में यह भी बताया गया कि GBV की रिपोर्टिंग में सुधार के लिए विभिन्न विभागों के बीच बेहतर समन्वय आवश्यक है। इसके अलावा, बजट आवंटन को बढ़ाने, स्थानीय भाषाओं में प्रशिक्षण सामग्री की उपलब्धता, और मीडिया प्लेटफार्मों का अधिक उपयोग करने की सिफारिश की गई, ताकि अभियान की पहुंच और भागीदारी को और बढ़ाया जा सके।

Capturing Womens Work to Measure Better

Women’s work is often underestimated in labour force surveys due to its complex nature, which includes economic, non-economic, and unpaid work such as domestic tasks and caregiving. Additionally, biases in respondents and enumerators, along with survey designs lacking gender sensitivity, contribute to data gaps and the undercounting of women’s contributions, keeping them invisible in statistics and policy discussions.

Research highlights how oversimplified methodologies in mainstream surveys lead to the misclassification of economically active women as inactive. This study aims to address these gaps by testing innovative survey techniques that provide more accurate estimates of women’s participation in the workforce. It also examines perception bias in proxy-reporting.

The study was conducted in Karnataka and Jharkhand, surveying 4,000 women and 800 men. Findings show that these innovations were effective in capturing more women in employment compared to conventional surveys, offering deeper insights into their time-use patterns and highlighting the impact of perception bias in proxy reporting.

Financing Quality Chilcare Facilities in India by IWWAGE and Mobile Creches

The increasing nuclearisation of families in urban and peri-urban areas is driving demand for quality childcare, especially for working women. Laws like the Factories Act and NREGA mandate crèche facilities, while policies such as the National Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) Policy highlight the importance of childcare. However, access to quality childcare remains limited, particularly for women in the informal sector.

Childcare services in India are primarily provided by the government, civil society organisations (CSOs), and the private sector. The government’s Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0 schemes deliver essential health and developmental services through Anganwadi Centres (AWCs), which cater to around 10 million beneficiaries across 14 lakh centres. The National Creche Scheme, recently renamed Palna, aims to expand childcare through AWCs, with plans to establish 170 standalone crèches and 17,000 AWC-cum-crèches.

State governments like Haryana are also addressing the need for childcare with state-level initiatives, such as the Haryana Creche Policy (HCP), which plans to create 500 new crèches for working women. Non-governmental organisations, including SEWA and Mobile Creches, also play a significant role in providing quality childcare, supported by trusts, foundations, and international funding.

This study explores the current landscape of childcare services in India, focusing on government and non-governmental efforts to improve access and support women’s economic empowerment.

IWWAGE Trends Report 2023

In 2023, India emerged as the fastest-growing major economy globally, driven by robust employment generation, productivity gains, and sustained economic growth. Alongside this remarkable economic performance, the year brought women-led development and Nari Shakti into focus, reaffirming India’s commitment to gender equality and sustainable development. However, despite these advancements, the issue of female labour force participation remains critical.

India has long struggled with lower female labour force participation compared to global standards, with socio-economic and cultural factors limiting the full utilisation of women’s potential. Yet, recent trends offer promising signs of progress. According to the latest Periodic Labour Force Survey (2022-2023), female participation in the labour force for those aged 15 and above rose to 37%, with rural areas seeing an increase from 36.6% to 41.5%, and urban areas from 23.8% to 25.4%. More women are engaging in family-owned or self-employed work, including agriculture, contributing positively to this shift.

Additionally, 2023 witnessed significant strides towards women-led development, with a renewed push for women’s representation in Parliament and proactive policy discussions during India’s G-20 presidency. However, the journey towards true gender equality remains ongoing. Women continue to be under-represented in key sectors, particularly in science and technology, with workplaces reflecting broader economic and social inequalities.

India’s G-20 presidency adopted a gender-focused approach, aiming to reposition women not just as beneficiaries but as economic agents driving development. By embracing women-led development, India sought to shift the narrative and demonstrate the transformative potential of women in spearheading key sectors and promoting inclusive growth.

This report contextualises women’s participation in various fields within the broader political and economic landscape of 2023. It highlights the challenges and opportunities that emerged during the year and offers a forward-looking perspective on potential growth areas in 2024, recognising women as a formidable force in driving progress and prosperity.

Barriers & Opportunities For Aspirational Women Entrepreneurs

This study, conducted in partnership with the Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University (DSEU) and the Government of NCT of Delhi, assesses the enterprise readiness of women across five Anganwadi Hubs (AWHs) in the city under the Saheli Samanvay Kendra (SSK) Scheme. Drawing from both quantitative and qualitative data, it explores the demographic profile, motivations, aspirations, and challenges of women—particularly housewives, unemployed individuals, and informal workers—seeking to engage in entrepreneurial activities. The findings highlight the critical need for targeted support, especially around access to finance, confidence building, and balancing domestic responsibilities with business pursuits.

The study also captures a strong appetite for skill development, with women expressing interest in both technical and soft skills training, particularly if offered at familiar, community-based locations like Anganwadi Centres. These insights directly inform the design of training programmes and the structure of a dedicated fellowship module under the SSK Scheme, which aims to mobilise and mentor women entrepreneurs. The report offers practical recommendations for policymakers and training institutions, underscoring the potential of structured, accessible interventions to advance women’s economic empowerment at the grassroots level.

An Assessment Of The National Gender Campaign For DAY-NRLM

दीनदयाल अंत्योदय योजना-राष्ट्रीय ग्रामीण आजीविका मिशन (DAY-NRLM) ने अपनी लैंगिक हस्तक्षेपों के माध्यम से लैंगिक समानता के मुद्दों को संबोधित करने के लिए ठोस प्रयास किए हैं, जिसमें विशेष रूप से महिलाओं और लड़कियों के खिलाफ हिंसा (GBV) को समाप्त करना शामिल है। GBV, विशेष रूप से महिलाओं और लड़कियों के खिलाफ हिंसा, व्यक्तिगत विकास, कल्याण और गरिमापूर्ण जीवन के सबसे बड़े अवरोधों में से एक है। DAY-NRLM इस सामाजिक बुराई को व्यक्तिगत और सामाजिक विकास की राह में एक प्रमुख बाधा के रूप में पहचानता है और इसे समाप्त करने के लिए आवश्यक कदम उठाने का उद्देश्य रखता है।

हाशिये पर स्थित समुदायों और विशेष रूप से महिलाओं को उनके द्वारा अनुभव की जाने वाली विभिन्न प्रकार की हिंसा को पहचानने और उसे संबोधित करने के लिए सशक्त बनाने के उद्देश्य से, DAY-NRLM ने 25 नवंबर से 23 दिसंबर 2022 तक एक महीने लंबे अभियान “नई चेतना – पहल बदलाव की” की शुरुआत की। यह अभियान महिलाओं और लड़कियों के खिलाफ हिंसा के उन्मूलन के अंतर्राष्ट्रीय दिवस के साथ संगत था, और इसे ग्रामीण विकास के माननीय केंद्रीय मंत्री श्री गिरिराज सिंह द्वारा लॉन्च किया गया था। यह वार्षिक अभियान का प्रारंभ है, जिसमें प्रत्येक वर्ष लैंगिक समानता से संबंधित विशिष्ट विषयों पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया जाएगा। पहले वर्ष का विषय “समानता और लिंग आधारित हिंसा का अंत” था।

इस अभियान की पहुंच, प्रासंगिकता और प्रभावशीलता का आकलन करने के लिए एक मूल्यांकन किया गया था, जिसमें अभियान की सफलता को प्रभावित करने वाले सक्षम और अवरोधक कारकों को उजागर किया गया। यह रिपोर्ट गुणात्मक और मात्रात्मक डेटा दोनों के आधार पर तैयार की गई है, जो DAY-NRLM के प्रबंधन सूचना प्रणाली (MIS) से प्राप्त है और विभिन्न प्रशासनिक स्तरों—राज्य, जिला, ब्लॉक, क्लस्टर-स्तरीय महासंघ (CLF) और ग्राम संगठनों (VO) में शामिल हितधारकों द्वारा साझा की गई जानकारी को समाहित करती है। इसके अलावा, एक राष्ट्रीय ऑनलाइन सर्वेक्षण जिसमें 24 राज्यों के लगभग 5,000 CLF से 20,000 से अधिक स्वयं सहायता समूह (SHG) सदस्यों ने भाग लिया, इस व्यापक मूल्यांकन का हिस्सा है।

An Assessment Of The National Gender Campaign For DAY-NRLM

The Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) is committed to addressing gender equality through its gender interventions, with a focus on eliminating gender-based violence (GBV). GBV, particularly violence against women and girls, remains one of the most significant barriers to personal growth, well-being, and living a life of dignity. Recognising this issue as a major obstacle to individual and societal development, DAY-NRLM has undertaken strategic efforts to combat GBV.

To empower marginalised communities, especially women, in recognising and addressing the different forms of violence they face, DAY-NRLM launched the “Nayi Chetna – Pahal Badlav Ki” campaign from 25th November to 23rd December 2022. This month-long initiative, aligned with the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women, was inaugurated by the Honourable Union Minister for Rural Development, Shri Giriraj Singh. The campaign marks the beginning of an annual event focused on gender equity, with each year addressing a specific theme. The theme for Year 1 was “Equity and Ending Gender-Based Violence.”

An assessment was conducted to evaluate the campaign’s reach, relevance, and effectiveness, highlighting the factors that enabled or constrained its success. The findings, drawn from both qualitative and quantitative data, offer valuable insights for improving future campaigns. The report incorporates information from DAY-NRLM’s Management Information System (MIS) and feedback from stakeholders across various administrative levels—state, district, block, Cluster-Level Federations (CLFs), and Village Organisations (VOs). Additionally, a national online survey, with over 20,000 Self-Help Group (SHG) members participating from nearly 5,000 CLFs across 24 states, contributed to the comprehensive assessment.