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Trends in Female Labour and Workforce Participation – Karnataka

Karnataka, despite being India’s IT hub, has a lower female labour force participation rate (FLFPR) than the national average. While women’s literacy exceeds 68%, many are engaged in unpaid household work or casual labour. Recent developments, like the ‘Shakti’ scheme, have positively impacted FLFPR by providing safe and affordable transportation, leading to increased workforce participation. However, disparities remain, as highlighted by the PLFS 2023-24 survey. This factsheet explores the trends, challenges, and policy implications affecting women’s participation in Karnataka’s labour market.

Trends in Female Labour and Workforce Participation – Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu has successfully combined rapid economic growth with strong social development, emerging as India’s most urbanized state and ranking third on the Human Development Index. The state’s female labour force participation rate (FLFPR) surpasses the national average, driven by both manufacturing in urban areas and agriculture in rural regions. Key schemes like Pudhumai Penn, Vidiyal Payanam, and Amma Skill and Employment Training have played a vital role in boosting women’s employment. Additionally, initiatives such as the ‘Thozhi’ hostel programme have provided safe housing for women migrating to cities, further supporting their workforce participation. This factsheet, using data from the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), explores the various dimensions of women’s employment in Tamil Nadu.

Trend In Female Labour Force Participation In India

Despite significant economic growth since the 1990s, India’s female labour force participation rate (FLFPR) remains low at 28.2%, lagging behind countries like Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka. Globally, FLFPR is lower than men’s, with regions like Sub-Saharan Africa leading at 60%, while South Asia trails at 28.1%. Research points to various supply-side factors contributing to India’s low FLFPR, including rising household incomes, educational attainment, reproductive roles, childcare responsibilities, cultural norms, and underreporting of women’s labour. This factsheet explores these barriers and their impact on women’s workforce participation in India.

Women’s Workforce Participation in India: Statewise Trends

Uttar Pradesh, with a population of nearly 200 million, is India’s most populous state and the fourth largest by area. Despite a literacy rate of 57.1% for women in 2011 and a female unemployment rate of 13.1% in urban areas in 2020-21, UP remains an economic powerhouse. It is the largest producer of food grains and accounts for 90% of India’s carpet production. With a Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of INR 17.49 trillion in 2021-22, UP’s economy is driven by its thriving agricultural, textile, and tertiary sectors. This factsheet explores key socio-economic and employment trends in the state.

Women’s Workforce Participation in India: Statewise Trends

Assam, the second-largest state in the northeast by population and area, had a population of 3.12 crore in 2011. With a Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of INR 3,73,872 crores in 2020-21, the state’s Female Labour Force Participation (FLFP) rate stands at 18.9% in rural areas and 16% in urban areas, lower than the national average. Assam’s gender ratio in 2020-21 was 958 females per 1,000 males, and the literacy rate was 72.2%, with a gender disparity in literacy-77.85% for men and 66.27% for women. This factsheet examines Assam’s key socio-economic indicators.

Women’s Workforce Participation in India: Statewise Trends

Formed in 2000, Jharkhand is rich in natural resources, covering nearly 80,000 square kilometers with 23,605 sq. km of forest land. The state contributes 40% of India’s total mineral resources, housing major industrial towns like Jamshedpur and Bokaro. While mining and industrial activities are significant, agriculture remains the mainstay for 50.4% of the population. Jharkhand’s female Work Participation Rate (WPR) was 35.2% in 2021-22, driven largely by the state’s tribal population. This factsheet explores Jharkhand’s economy, employment trends, and the role of women in its workforce.

Women’s Workforce Participation in India: Statewise Trends

Karnataka, the sixth largest state in India, covers an area of 191,791 square kilometres and has a Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of INR 18.85 trillion. Known as India’s leading Information Technology hub, with Bengaluru as the tech capital, Karnataka also has a diverse economy with a strong agricultural base. While over 41% of the workforce depends on agriculture, the services sector contributes 66% to the state’s GSDP. Karnataka boasts one of the highest female labour force participation rates in India, with a Work Participation Rate (WPR) of 31.5% as per the 2021-22 PLFS. Women workers are primarily engaged in agriculture in rural areas and in manufacturing and services in urban regions. This factsheet provides an overview of Karnataka’s socio-economic landscape and workforce trends.

Women’s Workforce Participation in India: Statewise Trends

Kerala, a high-income Indian state with a per capita GSDP of INR 1,46,910, boasts impressive socio-economic indicators. It has one of the highest literacy rates in India, with minimal gender disparity-96% for men and 92% for women-and an outstanding sex ratio of 1,084. Despite these achievements, Kerala’s Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR) remains low, at 29.5% in rural areas and 25.2% in urban areas. This factsheet explores key aspects of Kerala’s economy, gender wage gap, and human development, offering insights into the state’s progress and ongoing challenges.

Women’s Workforce Participation in India: Statewise Trends

Telangana, India’s newest state, formed in 2014, has quickly emerged as a growing economy with a per capita income nearly double the national average. While agriculture employs 38% of its population, the services sector is the largest contributor to the state’s economy. Telangana shows promising progress in education, with a Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) for higher education at 35 and a Gender Parity Index (GPI) of 1.05, favoring women. Government initiatives, such as 33.3% reservation for women in state jobs and support for Self-Help Groups, aim to further women’s economic empowerment. This factsheet explores the state’s socio-economic trends and women’s participation in the workforce.

Women’s Workforce Participation in India: Statewise Trends

Punjab, a northern state known for its agricultural economy, has a per capita Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of INR 1,88,015, higher than the national average. Despite its economic strengths, the state faces challenges in gender equity, with a sex ratio of 891, lower than the national average. Punjab’s Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR) is also below the national figures, at 19.4% in rural areas and 17.1% in urban areas. However, the state boasts a literacy rate of 75.8%, with minimal gender disparity. This factsheet explores Punjab’s key socio-economic indicators and gender disparities.