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Strengthening the Skilling Ecosystem: Leveraging the Potential of the Private Sector in India

India faces a unique challenge with one of the world’s lowest female labour force participation rates and a large informal workforce. As nearly 50 million young women remain neither in education nor employment, it is crucial to bridge the gap between available jobs and the skills required by the market. While the government has led the charge in skilling efforts, the private sector holds immense potential to play a pivotal role in this ecosystem.
Despite efforts through initiatives like the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC), only 36% of companies in India currently conduct in-house training. Barriers such as societal norms, mobility restrictions, and lack of awareness particularly hinder women’s participation in vocational training. To address these gaps, there is a need for stronger private sector engagement in skill development and workforce placement.

By mobilising Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funds, creating local infrastructure, and offering financial and non-financial support for entrepreneurship, the private sector can foster inclusive growth. Additionally, businesses can leverage their networks to connect disadvantaged groups with market opportunities, offering targeted placement support to enhance women’s participation in the workforce.

Unlocking India’s latent talent through collaboration between government and private enterprises will help build a more skilled, diverse, and employable workforce, ensuring sustainable economic growth and increased female labour force participation.

Research Process Documentation

The Gender Justice Program (GJP), implemented by ANANDI in collaboration with the Madhya Pradesh State Rural Livelihoods Mission (MPSRLM), aimed to empower rural women in the Sheopur and Karhal blocks of Madhya Pradesh from 2019 to 2021. Supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through the SWAYAM initiative, with IWWAGE as the coordination and learning partner, GJP worked to ensure women’s access to rights and entitlements by strengthening community institutions like Cluster Level Federations (CLFs) and Village Organisations (VOs).

The program’s strategy focused on mainstreaming gender into MPSRLM systems, creating gender-responsive spaces within community institutions, and training a cadre of women leaders known as “Samta Sakhis”. These women facilitated social action on critical issues such as domestic violence, land rights, pensions, and healthcare, while also fostering connections between rural women and local governance.

Through capacity-building initiatives and continued support, the Samta Sakhis grew into confident community leaders. Their work during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond has been instrumental in securing entitlements for rural communities, showcasing their dedication to bringing lasting social change

Research Case Studies Hindi

यह प्रकाशन मध्य प्रदेश के श्योपुर और करहल ब्लॉकों में जेंडर जस्टिस कार्यक्रम (GJP) के तहत नियुक्त समता सखियों की परिवर्तनकारी यात्रा का वर्णन करता है। यह कार्यक्रम 2019 से 2021 तक CSO आनंदी द्वारा मध्य प्रदेश राज्य ग्रामीण आजीविका मिशन (MPSRLM) के साथ साझेदारी में और बिल एंड मेलिंडा गेट्स फाउंडेशन (BMGF) के समर्थन से SWAYAM पहल के अंतर्गत कार्यान्वित किया गया, जिसमें IWWAGE समन्वय और सीखने का भागीदार था।

जेंडर जस्टिस कार्यक्रम का उद्देश्य महिलाओं को सशक्त बनाना और सामुदायिक संस्थानों जैसे क्लस्टर स्तरीय महासंघ (CLF), ग्राम संगठन (VO) और स्वयं सहायता समूह (SHG) को सशक्त करना था, ताकि जेंडर प्रशिक्षण प्रदान किया जा सके और सामाजिक मुद्दों पर चर्चा को प्रोत्साहित किया जा सके। समता सखियों ने जमीनी स्तर पर इस प्रयास का नेतृत्व किया, इन सामुदायिक संस्थानों के साथ मिलकर जागरूकता फैलाने और सामाजिक परिवर्तन को प्रोत्साहित करने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई।

श्योपुर में पायलट कार्यक्रम की सफलता के बाद, MPSRLM ने GJP को 18 जिलों में, 19 ब्लॉकों और 60 CLF को कवर करते हुए, विस्तार करने का निर्णय लिया। यह रिपोर्ट पायलट चरण के दौरान, नवंबर 2019 से मार्च 2021 तक, समता सखियों के अनुभवों और परियोजना के विराम अवधि (अप्रैल–अगस्त 2021) के कुछ विचारों को दर्ज करती है।

चार समता सखियों और एक मास्टर ट्रेनर की व्यक्तिगत कहानियों के माध्यम से, प्रकाशन यह दर्शाता है कि उन्होंने अपने समुदायों में कितने महत्वपूर्ण बदलाव किए, उनके व्यक्तिगत संघर्षों की कहानी और ग्रामीण विकास में सामुदायिक संस्थानों की भूमिका। रिपोर्ट दो भागों में विभाजित है, जिसमें कार्यक्रम के प्रभाव का गहन विश्लेषण और परिवर्तन की सशक्त कहानियाँ प्रस्तुत की गई हैं, जो यह दर्शाती हैं कि ग्रामीण विकास में महिला नेताओं की कितनी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका है।

Research Case Studies English

This publication chronicles the transformative journeys of Samta Sakhis, Community Resource Persons (CRPs) for Gender, appointed under the Gender Justice Programme (GJP) in Sheopur and Karhal blocks of Sheopur district, Madhya Pradesh. Implemented by the CSO ANANDI from 2019 to 2021, in partnership with the Madhya Pradesh State Rural Livelihoods Mission (MPSRLM) and supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) through the SWAYAM initiative, the programme was piloted with IWWAGE as the coordination and learning partner.

The Gender Justice Programme aimed to empower women and strengthen community institutions such as Cluster Level Federations (CLFs), Village Organisations (VOs), and Self-Help Groups (SHGs) by providing gender training and facilitating discussions on social issues. Samta Sakhis led this effort at the grassroots level, working closely with these community institutions to foster awareness and drive social change.

The success of the pilot in Sheopur led to the GJP being scaled up by MPSRLM across 18 districts, covering 19 blocks and 60 CLFs. This report captures the experiences and impact of the Samta Sakhis during the pilot stage, from November 2019 to March 2021, along with reflections from the project break period (April–August 2021).

Through personal narratives of four Samta Sakhis and one Master Trainer, the publication highlights the significant changes they spearheaded in their communities, their personal struggles, and the role of community institutions in advancing gender justice. Divided into two sections, the report provides an in-depth analysis of the programme’s impact and presents powerful stories of change, demonstrating the critical role women leaders play in rural development.

Proof of concept

The Gender Justice Program (GJP), implemented by ANANDI in partnership with the Madhya Pradesh State Rural Livelihoods Mission (MPSRLM), was a two-year initiative aimed at integrating gender into MPSRLM’s institutions to advance rural women’s rights and entitlements. Supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation under the SWAYAM initiative, with IWWAGE serving as the coordination and learning partner, GJP was one of four gender pilots launched across India.

Focusing on Sheopur and Karhal blocks in Madhya Pradesh, the GJP embedded gender strategies within MPSRLM structures to empower rural women through community institutions. This Proof of Concept report outlines the pathways of change, strategies, and outcomes of the GJP from April 2019 to March 2021, drawing insights from process documentation conducted by the International Center for Research on Women (ICRW).

The report explores how the program fostered gender integration and presents a roadmap for scaling the GJP model across the State Rural Livelihoods Missions (SRLMs) in other states. It highlights the program’s successes and offers valuable recommendations for strengthening gender-responsive systems across rural livelihoods programmes.

Needs Assessment of Childcare Facilities

This report, conducted by IWWAGE in collaboration with SEWA, explores the critical need for childcare in remote tribal areas of India, covering districts in Gujarat, Odisha, Kerala, and Meghalaya. The study focuses on how the lack of quality childcare services impacts mothers’ ability to engage in paid employment, particularly following the disruptions caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. It highlights the “double burden” that women face—managing domestic responsibilities while striving to earn a livelihood. Findings reveal significant gaps in childcare facilities, with many women relying on informal, unpaid care arrangements. The report stresses the urgent need for improved, accessible Early Childhood Development (ECD) services that not only support mothers’ workforce participation but also ensure the well-being and cognitive development of children. This study provides valuable insights into the barriers women in rural and tribal areas face and calls for targeted policy interventions to close the gap in childcare services.

SWAYAM Process Evaluation

The Strengthening Women’s Institutions for Agency and Empowerment (SWAYAM) programme is being implemented in Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, and Odisha, aimed at empowering women by strengthening collectives. IWWAGE, an initiative of LEAD at Krea University, provides technical assistance to the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM), with IDinsight conducting the evaluation.

This report presents IDinsight’s final evaluation findings, offering insights and recommendations for future rollout. The evaluation assessed whether SWAYAM’s activities were implemented as intended based on the Theory of Change (TOC). Two rounds of phone surveys (2021 and 2022) measured key indicators related to women’s empowerment, with the second round including qualitative surveys with stakeholders to understand the role of Gender Resource Centres (GRCs).

Key activities in Round 2 included updating the TOC, defining indicators, and revising survey instruments. Topics covered included SWAYAM training, gender-based violence, and economic and political empowerment. This report provides insights to improve SWAYAM’s implementation and increase its impact on women’s empowerment.

Emerging Priorities in the Care Sector: Opportunities for Indias G20 Presidency

Care work-both paid and unpaid-plays a vital role in supporting economies and societies. However, it is predominantly shouldered by women, which limits their ability to participate in the formal workforce. As India assumes the G20 presidency, there is an opportunity to spotlight the care sector as a driver of gender-responsive development.

This brief explores the potential of the care economy, highlighting the need for investments in care infrastructure and care workers. By recognising care as a critical sector, and investing in childcare, elder care, and support for persons with disabilities, India can unlock new economic opportunities for women. Adequate investments in infrastructure and trained care workers can reduce the burden on women, enabling them to access employment and contribute to the economy.

The brief also calls for public and private sector collaboration to enhance social security, fair wages, and decent working conditions for care workers. Addressing the invisibility of unpaid care work through better measurement tools is key to acknowledging women’s contributions and integrating care work into economic policies.

Hybrid Work and its Effect on Womens Labour Force Participation

The COVID-19 pandemic redefined workspaces globally, with many organisations adopting hybrid work models that offer employees flexibility between working from home and in the office. In India, this shift holds potential to increase women’s participation in the workforce, as hybrid work can help women balance care responsibilities, safety concerns, and mobility challenges. However, it also presents unique challenges for women, including increased stress, burnout, and a heavier burden of unpaid care work.

This policy review highlights the need for gender-inclusive hybrid work policies, drawing on global best practices and insights from 60 countries. It reveals that while hybrid models are becoming the norm, there is a lack of specific provisions addressing women’s unique needs. In India, the absence of comprehensive remote work policies and gender-responsive guidelines further complicates the situation, despite some initiatives like the Maternity Benefit Act and the Sexual Harassment at Workplace Act extending protection to remote work.

This publication calls for concerted efforts by both government and private sectors to develop gender-responsive hybrid work policies. Recommendations include transparent compensation policies, clear communication channels, flexible evaluation systems, childcare support, and training for managers to ensure a gender-inclusive work environment. By adopting these measures, organisations can minimise attrition, maximise retention, and create a more equitable hybrid workplace for women.

Women’s Workforce Participation in India: Statewise Trends

Assam, the second-largest state in the northeast by population and area, had a population of 3.12 crore in 2011. With a Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of INR 3,73,872 crores in 2020-21, the state’s Female Labour Force Participation (FLFP) rate stands at 18.9% in rural areas and 16% in urban areas, lower than the national average. Assam’s gender ratio in 2020-21 was 958 females per 1,000 males, and the literacy rate was 72.2%, with a gender disparity in literacy-77.85% for men and 66.27% for women. This factsheet examines Assam’s key socio-economic indicators.