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Capturing Women’s Work To Measure Better

Women’s work is often more diverse and complex due to the significant amount of unpaid labour they perform, including domestic chores and caregiving responsibilities. Conventional labour force surveys tend to overlook these contributions, leading to an undercounting of women’s work and their exclusion from policy discussions. As a result, women are often not recognised as ‘workers,’ keeping them invisible in statistical estimates.

IWWAGE seeks to address this gap by developing better mechanisms for collecting data on women’s work. Through innovative probing techniques and sampling frames, our research aims to capture a more accurate picture of women’s labour force participation. Additionally, we propose a framework for women-centric surveys that can be aligned with national Labour Force Surveys (LFS) to provide more accurate estimates. Our study also highlights the bias that occurs when respondents other than women themselves report on their work, further underestimating women’s contributions to the economy.

By engendering labour force surveys, IWWAGE hopes to bring greater visibility to women’s work and ensure their inclusion in policy discussions that drive economic empowerment.

IWWAGE Trends Report 2023

In 2023, India emerged as the fastest-growing major economy globally, driven by robust employment generation, productivity gains, and sustained economic growth. Alongside this remarkable economic performance, the year brought women-led development and Nari Shakti into focus, reaffirming India’s commitment to gender equality and sustainable development. However, despite these advancements, the issue of female labour force participation remains critical.

India has long struggled with lower female labour force participation compared to global standards, with socio-economic and cultural factors limiting the full utilisation of women’s potential. Yet, recent trends offer promising signs of progress. According to the latest Periodic Labour Force Survey (2022-2023), female participation in the labour force for those aged 15 and above rose to 37%, with rural areas seeing an increase from 36.6% to 41.5%, and urban areas from 23.8% to 25.4%. More women are engaging in family-owned or self-employed work, including agriculture, contributing positively to this shift.

Additionally, 2023 witnessed significant strides towards women-led development, with a renewed push for women’s representation in Parliament and proactive policy discussions during India’s G-20 presidency. However, the journey towards true gender equality remains ongoing. Women continue to be under-represented in key sectors, particularly in science and technology, with workplaces reflecting broader economic and social inequalities.

India’s G-20 presidency adopted a gender-focused approach, aiming to reposition women not just as beneficiaries but as economic agents driving development. By embracing women-led development, India sought to shift the narrative and demonstrate the transformative potential of women in spearheading key sectors and promoting inclusive growth.

This report contextualises women’s participation in various fields within the broader political and economic landscape of 2023. It highlights the challenges and opportunities that emerged during the year and offers a forward-looking perspective on potential growth areas in 2024, recognising women as a formidable force in driving progress and prosperity.

Digitization and its Effects on Female Labour Force Participation in India

India has witnessed a manifold increase in awareness and accessibility of job opportunities thanks to an increase in digitisation in all sectors. Technology has created new jobs and has made old jobs more accessible and convenient. Remote work opportunities, online training modules, and networking have become easier due to the internet, but its benefits are skewed.

This paper explores the impact of increasing digitisation on female labour force participation (FLFP). Digitalisation is associated with improving gender outcomes, alongside various socio-economic factors. Research highlights how increasing the use of digital finance, improved digital infrastructure and digital awareness has a strong positive and significant correlation with FLFP. The paper investigates opportunities provided by digitalisation for enhancing women’s economic contribution and empowerment in both rural and urban settings.

Barriers & Opportunities For Aspirational Women Entrepreneurs

This study, conducted in partnership with the Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University (DSEU) and the Government of NCT of Delhi, assesses the enterprise readiness of women across five Anganwadi Hubs (AWHs) in the city under the Saheli Samanvay Kendra (SSK) Scheme. Drawing from both quantitative and qualitative data, it explores the demographic profile, motivations, aspirations, and challenges of women—particularly housewives, unemployed individuals, and informal workers—seeking to engage in entrepreneurial activities. The findings highlight the critical need for targeted support, especially around access to finance, confidence building, and balancing domestic responsibilities with business pursuits.

The study also captures a strong appetite for skill development, with women expressing interest in both technical and soft skills training, particularly if offered at familiar, community-based locations like Anganwadi Centres. These insights directly inform the design of training programmes and the structure of a dedicated fellowship module under the SSK Scheme, which aims to mobilise and mentor women entrepreneurs. The report offers practical recommendations for policymakers and training institutions, underscoring the potential of structured, accessible interventions to advance women’s economic empowerment at the grassroots level.

Women in STEM – Challenges and Opportunities in India

The nature of work is rapidly changing due to various factors such as skilling outcomes, sector-specific job creation, and demographic shifts. Global estimates suggest that up to 160 million women may need to transition into higher-skilled roles by 2030. In India, nearly 12 million women could face job losses due to automation, raising critical questions about how to retain women in the workforce.

This series of briefs explores the future of work in India, using secondary research and interviews with key stakeholders to highlight gender-responsive strategies. The briefs examine thematic areas and principles that can support and enhance women’s workforce participation, ensuring that women remain central to the evolving employment landscape.

By addressing the unique challenges faced by women, these insights aim to guide policy and action to create more inclusive and resilient workforces for the future.

An Assessment Of The National Gender Campaign For DAY-NRLM

दीनदयाल अंत्योदय योजना-राष्ट्रीय ग्रामीण आजीविका मिशन (DAY-NRLM) ने अपनी लैंगिक हस्तक्षेपों के माध्यम से लैंगिक समानता के मुद्दों को संबोधित करने के लिए ठोस प्रयास किए हैं, जिसमें विशेष रूप से महिलाओं और लड़कियों के खिलाफ हिंसा (GBV) को समाप्त करना शामिल है। GBV, विशेष रूप से महिलाओं और लड़कियों के खिलाफ हिंसा, व्यक्तिगत विकास, कल्याण और गरिमापूर्ण जीवन के सबसे बड़े अवरोधों में से एक है। DAY-NRLM इस सामाजिक बुराई को व्यक्तिगत और सामाजिक विकास की राह में एक प्रमुख बाधा के रूप में पहचानता है और इसे समाप्त करने के लिए आवश्यक कदम उठाने का उद्देश्य रखता है।

हाशिये पर स्थित समुदायों और विशेष रूप से महिलाओं को उनके द्वारा अनुभव की जाने वाली विभिन्न प्रकार की हिंसा को पहचानने और उसे संबोधित करने के लिए सशक्त बनाने के उद्देश्य से, DAY-NRLM ने 25 नवंबर से 23 दिसंबर 2022 तक एक महीने लंबे अभियान “नई चेतना – पहल बदलाव की” की शुरुआत की। यह अभियान महिलाओं और लड़कियों के खिलाफ हिंसा के उन्मूलन के अंतर्राष्ट्रीय दिवस के साथ संगत था, और इसे ग्रामीण विकास के माननीय केंद्रीय मंत्री श्री गिरिराज सिंह द्वारा लॉन्च किया गया था। यह वार्षिक अभियान का प्रारंभ है, जिसमें प्रत्येक वर्ष लैंगिक समानता से संबंधित विशिष्ट विषयों पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया जाएगा। पहले वर्ष का विषय “समानता और लिंग आधारित हिंसा का अंत” था।

इस अभियान की पहुंच, प्रासंगिकता और प्रभावशीलता का आकलन करने के लिए एक मूल्यांकन किया गया था, जिसमें अभियान की सफलता को प्रभावित करने वाले सक्षम और अवरोधक कारकों को उजागर किया गया। यह रिपोर्ट गुणात्मक और मात्रात्मक डेटा दोनों के आधार पर तैयार की गई है, जो DAY-NRLM के प्रबंधन सूचना प्रणाली (MIS) से प्राप्त है और विभिन्न प्रशासनिक स्तरों—राज्य, जिला, ब्लॉक, क्लस्टर-स्तरीय महासंघ (CLF) और ग्राम संगठनों (VO) में शामिल हितधारकों द्वारा साझा की गई जानकारी को समाहित करती है। इसके अलावा, एक राष्ट्रीय ऑनलाइन सर्वेक्षण जिसमें 24 राज्यों के लगभग 5,000 CLF से 20,000 से अधिक स्वयं सहायता समूह (SHG) सदस्यों ने भाग लिया, इस व्यापक मूल्यांकन का हिस्सा है।

An Assessment Of The National Gender Campaign For DAY-NRLM

The Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) is committed to addressing gender equality through its gender interventions, with a focus on eliminating gender-based violence (GBV). GBV, particularly violence against women and girls, remains one of the most significant barriers to personal growth, well-being, and living a life of dignity. Recognising this issue as a major obstacle to individual and societal development, DAY-NRLM has undertaken strategic efforts to combat GBV.

To empower marginalised communities, especially women, in recognising and addressing the different forms of violence they face, DAY-NRLM launched the “Nayi Chetna – Pahal Badlav Ki” campaign from 25th November to 23rd December 2022. This month-long initiative, aligned with the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women, was inaugurated by the Honourable Union Minister for Rural Development, Shri Giriraj Singh. The campaign marks the beginning of an annual event focused on gender equity, with each year addressing a specific theme. The theme for Year 1 was “Equity and Ending Gender-Based Violence.”

An assessment was conducted to evaluate the campaign’s reach, relevance, and effectiveness, highlighting the factors that enabled or constrained its success. The findings, drawn from both qualitative and quantitative data, offer valuable insights for improving future campaigns. The report incorporates information from DAY-NRLM’s Management Information System (MIS) and feedback from stakeholders across various administrative levels—state, district, block, Cluster-Level Federations (CLFs), and Village Organisations (VOs). Additionally, a national online survey, with over 20,000 Self-Help Group (SHG) members participating from nearly 5,000 CLFs across 24 states, contributed to the comprehensive assessment.

Designing Gender Responsive Apprenticeship Programs

The National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS) and the National Apprentice Training Scheme (NATS) aim to enhance skill development and boost employment opportunities in India. However, the overwhelming male dominance in these programs highlights a significant gender gap in their implementation. To address this, several measures are recommended to promote greater female participation.

Key recommendations include collecting gender-disaggregated data to understand women’s choices, incentivising employers to hire more women apprentices, and conducting awareness campaigns targeted at women. Additionally, creating gender-sensitive infrastructure and addressing social norms that limit women’s participation are essential steps toward inclusivity. Integrating NAPS with the upcoming DESHStack portal will further enhance women’s access to apprenticeship opportunities and improve their transition into the workforce.

Implementing these steps will create a more gender-responsive apprenticeship system, fostering economic growth and empowerment for women.

Strengthening the Skilling Ecosystem: Leveraging the Potential of the Private Sector in India

India faces a unique challenge with one of the world’s lowest female labour force participation rates and a large informal workforce. As nearly 50 million young women remain neither in education nor employment, it is crucial to bridge the gap between available jobs and the skills required by the market. While the government has led the charge in skilling efforts, the private sector holds immense potential to play a pivotal role in this ecosystem.
Despite efforts through initiatives like the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC), only 36% of companies in India currently conduct in-house training. Barriers such as societal norms, mobility restrictions, and lack of awareness particularly hinder women’s participation in vocational training. To address these gaps, there is a need for stronger private sector engagement in skill development and workforce placement.

By mobilising Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funds, creating local infrastructure, and offering financial and non-financial support for entrepreneurship, the private sector can foster inclusive growth. Additionally, businesses can leverage their networks to connect disadvantaged groups with market opportunities, offering targeted placement support to enhance women’s participation in the workforce.

Unlocking India’s latent talent through collaboration between government and private enterprises will help build a more skilled, diverse, and employable workforce, ensuring sustainable economic growth and increased female labour force participation.

Indian Skilling Ecosystem: Potential and Gaps

The Indian skilling ecosystem has seen significant investment to position the country as a global skill capital. However, despite these efforts, India continues to face challenges in female labour force participation (FLFP). Evidence shows that over half of women outside the workforce express a desire to gain skills for employment, yet they face multiple barriers such as limited access to training, gender-normative course selections, and poor job retention.

This brief explores the gaps in India’s skilling ecosystem, highlighting the need for gender-inclusive training programmes, better data collection on women’s participation, and addressing structural barriers that impede women’s progress from training to employment. Key recommendations include creating gender-responsive infrastructure, offering tailored curricula for women, and improving post-placement support to ensure higher retention in the workforce.

By addressing these challenges, India can maximise the potential of skilling programmes to enhance women’s economic empowerment and drive inclusive economic growth.